2.
  -2024
..  
   
(1000  1605 . )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. -          
2.         
-
3. -         '      
4.         
-
5.             
6. ,        
2.
-
7.               

8.             
  -2024
..  
   
(1000  1605 . )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. -          
:-       
      
 700           
            ,      , ,
        ,    ,  
       ,     ,     
  , 
    " "  -  -     
     
2.
 -     ( 11
 16
 ),   , 
,                 
                   
        
1.   -    
              ,   
         -  ,    
   
 :      - ,   

        ,       , 
              ,   
        
 :   -    '      
       ,       
       ,       
  :,           
  , ,      
     
 
 ,          
  :       ,       
     ,          
            -  
     ,        
 ,       
 -  , , , , 
       ,      
2.   -     
-                  
  ,          
  :-         
,                -,
         ,     
               
    ,      ,     
       
  :        ,
         ,    
2.
                  
 
 ,            ,      ,
-                  
  '    ,           
       ,     
  

  :-         -
,           
  ,    ()      ,  
     ,       -

 
  :             
, ,  ,              
 ,            
3.   
                 -
        -         
     '            
      ,           ,
 
 ,   ,      
 
4.    
                     
    -  ,          
    
 - 15
             
-        
      
         
 -   
 ,  
   -     ,   
    
  
      -     
2.
,        ,     
 ,
        ,          
  ,         
        , ,      
               , 
 , ,     
 -           -   

,   ,    ,        
 
2.         
:-       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
15
     -          
       
 ,        

,       
 ,      '  
   ,       -      
            
    ,      
 -  ,    
    -  ( 12
 16
   ) ,   
      ,        
  
󷬗󷬘󷬙󷬚󷬛 
-              
,           
       ,     , ,
,         
             -    -  ,
   
              
󷹢󷹣  
2.
1.  
 , , , ,       
 
-   (,  , )  ,   
      
      ,     '     
     
2.   
         
      (, , ) ,  
   
  ,     ,       


3.     
         
  -        ,   
    
   ( )    '     

  ,    (1469-1539)     ,    
          
4.   
     '  

 ()           ,    
 
,    ,            

5.   
        
, ,        
            
    ,  ,       
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃  
2.
1.   
        
         
  -,        ,  ,      
   
   ,           ,
   
2.    
             
,        '  
         ,    
    
3.   
   -    ,    
,        
        
   ,          
4.   
   ,           
           
           ,    
 
5.   
    (, )    ( , ,  )  

       
 
󷇮󷇭-     
1.  - -      

2.  -             
3.  - ,           

2.
4.  -  ,       ,  
      
󽆪󽆫󽆬
-               
    - , , ,    -       
   ,       ,     
 ,     
                  
           -     ,  
      
  ,        
 :   
 ,    ;    ,    ;    
  
 ,        
  , 
   
      
 -  -     
       
-
3. -         '      
:        '   
          ,  -  ,  
         ,   - , ,   
                
         ,     
      
             -  ,   
       ,             
        ,           
      ,         
       '  ,    -   ,
           
2.
1.     -    
          (1469–1539)       
     ,             
   '            : "  
,
  
"      -   ,       
     
    '  :
  -        
,   

-    ,       ,     ,
     

  -       ( ),    
(  ),      ( )  
  -           

      
         
 ()  ,             
    
,  ,  ,          
  -     
2.   -   
     ,   (1173–1266) ,       
               ,     
    
               
     
   ,          -
 ,  
   '             
 
  
,             
,
     
3.   -   
2.
        
 ,           
     15
 16
         
                  
'     
     :
       ;     
      ;        
          
        ,         
                
    
 -   
4.      
    ,           ,  
                :
  '       ,       
  " 
"    ,        

-    
   ,           

          ,        

   ' 
,                   
 ' 
   -    
1.   
 ,    -    
       
   ,       ,       
 
 -,      '      
2.   
   ,              
             , "  
2.
       
  ?"       
            
3.   
         -  ,  
     ,           '  
   ,             
   
4.   
,              
 :   ,   ,    
  , ,         
       
5.        
           
,      

      ,       

6.  
              
    ,           
     
    
 
 
 ,  
       ,         
      ,           
  , 
  ,             ,
  , ,        -    

                  ,
                 
      
,            -  
  ,   ,      
  ,      
 -         
       -  ,           
,                  
 
2.
4.         
:        |
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
                 
              ,    - ,
, , , , ,  -   ,     
  
           
   
       
,      -     
        :        
  
,  ,        
󹺢  ?
            (),  
  '   ,     '   -   ,
         
  ,              
 , ,              
          
,      
 
󹼸󹼹󹼺󹼻        |
1.    ' 
     : "  ,     "
 ,                
  
 
           
  - 
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    ,           
, ,          
2.    
               
  ( )  ,  -   ,    
 -
      ()   
2.
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  '        ,  -    
     
3.   ()  
     ,     ,      

    ,           - 
, , ,  
           
,       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                
 
4. , ,  
                
        ,    (  ) 
  
     (    )       

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
          ,  
      
5.   
          

           -   
  ,        '  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,                 
      
6.    
      ,       (   
  -     )
  ,   -   
          
2.
7.  -  (-)
   ()   ()  
  ,     '  
  ()       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ( ),   ( ),    
( )    '   
8.    -
      , ,         
  
         -      
  
            
9.     
     ( )    
     
,  , ,     
 
   ,     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,     (  ) ,       
󷇮󷇭    
1.  ,     
2.          
3.  -     
4.    
-              
5.             
󽆪󽆫󽆬
         
 -         
        
,  ,      
   
        
      
    ,      
    '    

2.
  ,       
 :    , 
 ,       ,     
 
      
 -           , 
,        
-
5.             
:        
 
          ,     
                , 
                ,  
                
  '    ,             , 
         
       
      1469           ,   
            -,     ,
   ,            , 
       
  ,     
         ,  
   ,             
 ,              ,     ,
         
     ,       ,   
    ,        
           ,    
            , 
    
      ?   ,           
  
    
2.
   ,       '   
   
      ,          
    ,              
       ,         
 " "       ,        
       
  ,  ,              
             
                ,
    " "    ,         
   
  
 -     ,           
           
 ,     :  
  ?   ?       ?       

     
         
  30     , 
   
            ,   
      ,         ,  ,  
  - , ,         ,       
  :  , ,         
      , "  
,   
,   
  "        , 
       
   
       ()
   ,    ' 
          
    ,     ,          
     ,  ""        
  ,  ,         

 ,    (   ) 
 ,      

     -    - , , ,     
      
    , ,   
2.
  ,          ,   ,
     : ,        
  
   ,         - , , ,
,                  
    '   :
    ,      
   
   
     -        
      

          
         
    ,              
                
          ,          
                ,  
  , ",             
" 
  ,          -     
   ',             
                  

,     ,          
   
  ,        
     
,             ,    
          -     , 
        
 
      ,          ,
           
 -     
         ,      
2.
  ,       '      

         ,         
     
         
     ,
     ,         

                 -    
         '   ,       ,
           
     ,   
     
            
   
,  ,        
 
  ,           
 -     
  ,    
   ,         ,
         
6. ,        
:,     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1500              ,    
- , , , ,     -         
,          -       
,              ,    
    
   
     
,    
,    

       
;         ,  
   ,              
   ,     '        
󹺢1.  -  
2.

       
   ,     
     , 
()           

1.     ,   ,        
              
  
2.  -    ( )       
     ,        '    
3.  -           ,
   
4.  -             
  
 ,       
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       '          
           - 
  '    
󹺢2.  -    

      
   ,   ( )          
 
 

1.   -    , -     
 
          -     
2.   -   ,   ,    -   
   ,      
3.   -   ,       (   )
   
4.   -          ,  
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               
    ,             
     ,  
      ,   
2.
󹺢3.  -    


    
     ,         ,
        
          

1.   -              
 
2.  -      
,  ,   
   
3.  -        ,
    ,     
4.    
     
,     
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             :   
    ,      ,        
 
 
            :   ,   ,
   
󷇮󷇭   
?
1.   -    -        
,        
    
2.  -     ,     
,      
3.  -         
       
   
4.    
-     ,        
   
5.     -          
     ,        
󽆪󽆫󽆬- 
,        :
2.
       ?
         
  ,  -      
  ,       
,       
       
󷄧󼿒
,         
 -    
                 
 ,    ,         

               
   
        
        - 
  ,      
 :      , 
   ,              ,
    
     
 -      
                
-
7.               

:    :     
      
16
             
       ,        ,     
 ,    -              
     ,   ,   ,     
      
,  ,   -
          
    ,     ' -- ,   

   '   
2.
 :     
       
  ,      
                  - 

 
   ,           
   ,            
  ,                
 ,              (     )  
   
 
,           ?
1.     
       (      )   
 ,              
        , ,     
  ,  
 ()              
   -             
            -      
   
2.   -  
        ,      
     (         ' ) 
 ( )           ,   
             
 ,              
3.  
      22  ( )    
                 
        -  
     
          
4.   
      (   )      
            
  
  ,               
,      ,     '    
      

   :      
2.
      ,       ,    
     ,            ,
    
             ,        -
       
        
         
1.   
         
,         
  ,               
       (  ) ,  -   
( )      '    
 - 
   ,      ,         

2.  :     
        (  )   
       -   ,   
,             
              
   
3.     
             ,
 ,      ,         
          -    
          
4.    
   ,       ( )   (  ) 
 '              

,     ,       
 ,  
 
       ,      
          ,   , 
                
  ,     ,         
  
2.
           -  
 ,    
      ,            
  ,            
  
    
  
 ,         ,          
        
   
 ,       
,        
        
,  
     ,           
   
           
 :   ,
   ,         

 ,        
 -     
              
                 
        
  ,               
  
,  ,         
           :        

          -      ,    
8.             ..
:         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
  , 1606         ,     
   ,            
2.
,              ,  
        
        '  ,    '     ,   
    : "   " - " 
 ,  ,  
 "               
      ,        
󹺢       
1.  
                 
    
       ,      
   
      ,  ,     ,  
             ,  
     
2.  
          ,     
  
           ,    
      
          
          ,   ,  
        '        

3.  
      ()   (    )  

 '  
          '  
   '    -        
   
4.  
  ,  ,        
               ,    
 
2.
  ,              
     
󹻦󹻧
           :
     '     
       
      
   ,   ,             ,
           ,     ,   
  
       ,     '    
󷇮󷇭       
1.    
    ,     '  ,   
    :          
   
    ,    - (  
)         
2.    
            
          
,     
     
3.     
              
                
,   1699             

4.    
               
        
2.
   ,    ,      

5.  
              
,  ,      
                  
󽆪󽆫󽆬  
         
 -         
                 , 
     
               
,  
                 
,         
󷄧󼿒
1606          ,  , 
                  
  
             
         
            
    
      ,      
  
  ,      
 :      
        -          , 
   
         
 -     
      ,        
 
"               

       ,         "